Long-Eared Owls in Williston

by Carl Runge

In the spring of 2009 the residents of the Golf Links neighborhood in Williston witnessed a most unusual event, the successful rearing of a family of Long-eared Owls.  On June 4, Corey Forrest of Tamarack Drive heard a strange sound in his yard.  A diligent search revealed five squeaking owlets at the edge of an old squirrel’s nest in a pine tree behind his house and a silent adult in a maple tree nearby.  When Corey’s wife Shelly noticed that the adult had prominent ear tufts, she went to the internet to identify her new neighbors.  While the adult had some resemblance to a Great Horned Owl, the babies’ squeaks were more compatible with Long-eared Owlets.  When Shelly took a closer look at one of the adults, she noted a medium-sized, slender owl with long ear tufts, and a tell-tale bark-like pattern on its breast, very different from the barred pattern of a Great Horned Owl. The babies also had a prominent white streak from forehead to beak, characteristic of Long-eared Owlets. Sure enough. This was a family of Long-eared Owls.

Within a few days of their discovery the fledglings were seen hopping from branch to branch near the nest.  By June 13 the youngsters were all capable of independent flight and could be seen landing on the Forrests’ backyard swing set.  As the weeks went by the five young owls ventured farther afield under the watchful eye of their parents, always in the evening, returning to their pine thicket to rest during the day.  By early July we could hear the young ones during the night hunting in the fields behind the neighborhood.  They became harder to find during the day, the best neighborhood spotter being the Forrests’ young son Evan.  After July 10 we no longer saw the young owls.  They had presumably moved on to better hunting grounds, hopefully at the Catamount Outdoor Family Center just to the east.  While they were in the neighborhood, the Forrests were kind enough to show the owls to many neighbors and birders.

Baby Long Eared Owls

Long-eared Owls are widely distributed across North America but are rarely seen in our area. Data from the Records of Vermont Birds from 1973-83 and the first Vermont Breeding Bird Atlas Project from 1976-81 disclosed only 15 adult Long-eared Owls and only three breeding confirmations, in Sudbury, Waltham and Brandon.  The second Atlas Project from 2003-07 noted only one breeding confirmation in Charlotte, two probable breeding  pairs in Vergennes and Snake Mountain, and three other observations in the Champlain Islands and Northeast Kingdom.

Their preferred nesting habitat is thick coniferous forests.  The owls are secretive and strictly nocturnal in activity.  Their long slender wings and graceful bodies allow silent and stealthy hunting for primarily small mammals over open fields at night.  Bird experts suspect that Long-eared Owls are more common than observed owing to their secretive habits.  By nesting so close to humanity, our Williston owls seem to be an exception to the usual pattern.  They were very watchful, but unafraid, of the human, canine, and auto traffic that swirled around their home.  We hope that this owl family will exhibit site fidelity and return to nest in future years.  In the meantime we will be on the lookout for our new friends at the Catamount Family Center.

The GMAS is very grateful to Shelly Forrest for sharing these magnificent photographs of her owl neighbors.

Two Blue Breakfasts

by Alison Wagner

Blue is not a common color when I think of food.  Likewise, this particular day was unusual as I witnessed a scene I might never see again. And although it will always be memorable for me, it may have been just another normal day for a certain predator.   Welcome to Ali’s Bed and Breakfast for the Birds.

The day had just begun as a hint of light filtered through the trees.  It was late November, when snow occasionally blankets the ground and the sun makes an appearance late in the morning.  Climbing the basement stairs, I shut off my I-pod.  So why was I still hearing birds?

I had been listening to my Birdjam, an iPod downloaded with thousands of bird songs.  I use this to study species.  This strategy works well because it’s too hard for me to identify birds by sight alone.  Birds hide so well and foliated trees in the summer can make it even more challenging.  Add to this, my visual memory isn’t a personal strength and the binoculars I used to use were crummy.

But…I had shut off my iPod.  Why was I hearing the raucous shrieks of a party of Blue Jays?  I could tell by their tone that they were upset.  Under the birdfeeder, in a few inches of snow, I found the answer:  A Merlin.  She was barely visible, matching the drabness in the faint light of the morning, and at first I did not see her.  She appeared to materialize right before my eyes. But a Merlin is a small falcon, not a magician.  She was brown on her backside, with drab streaks on her belly, and wide bands of brown and gray on her tail.  A dark eye-stripe made it appear she was wearing a mask.  She’s a bird of prey, a surprise visitor at the Bed and Breakfast, moving from her summer residence to warmer climes for the winter.

Or is she is a magician, the way her lightning speed made her appear out of thin air, tricking an innocent creature that let its guard down just long enough…For under the Merlin, pinned to the ground, as if engaged in a wrestling match, was a Blue Jay.  I imagined the jay was at the birdfeeder and the opportunistic hunter dive bombed and struck the jay down in a surprise attack.

The party of jays in trees surrounded the wrestling match. Now, obviously this was no party, but that’s what a flock of jays is called.  They are like a family, caring and watching out for each other.  Perhaps the jays were sending out warnings to others or were imploring the trapped bird to try harder to escape.  The Merlin and Blue Jay were equal in length, but the falcon was much bulkier and more muscular. It was no use.  The ruthless Merlin was too strong, her talons and beak too sharp.  She held her wings out to balance, like a kid on a boogie board, while she took her prey.  I could not watch any longer.  I made myself move away, pulled to the kitchen by the whistle of the teakettle.  Time to make oatmeal before going to work.

While cutting up nuts and rinsing blueberries, I realized two creatures were preparing meals.  Two blue breakfasts.  Still hearing the struggle outside, I couldn’t help feeling sorry for the jay.  Whenever I get the urge to “rescue” a preyed-upon victim, I remind myself, “every body eats…there is no good guy and bad guy in nature.”  Perhaps this past summer that Blue Jay had dined on an egg or two that it had raided from a songbird’s nest.  It’s all a balancing act and the jay would now become the next link in the chain.

This was the wild world, right here in my yard.  I am not the nature police and so I did not belong there, and should not go outside.  This was an opportunity to witness nature without the TV, and it was much better than any PBS program.  It was a purely live.  “Everybody eats,” I told myself again as I carried my steaming hot oatmeal to the table.

The day was finally bathed in warm light and I had to steal one last glance towards the wrestling ring.  All I saw was a small crater in the snow so I could now join the scene and go out.  A few downy sky-blue and white feathers blew away in the wind.  The jay’s family had fled and the Merlin had disappeared.  We were done preparing our blue breakfasts and had settled down to eat in peace.  Perhaps the Merlin’s success this day will inspire her to come back to this B & B the next time she is passing through.

Bon appetit.

Indoor Birding

By Bruce MacPherson

Once in a while the weather in Vermont becomes so forbidding that birding outside is impossible. On these occasions one is forced to pass the time pursuing indoor birding. Curling up with your favorite birding book or the latest issue of Audubon Magazine are possibilities for birding indoors. Thumbing through the big Sibley’s or listening to Birdjam on your i-Pod to hone your birding skills are others. But here is an alternative you may not have thought of. Consider visiting a display of decoys or waterfowl carvings.

Waterfowl decoys represent a uniquely American form of folk art with distinctive regional characteristics. Although the use of decoys to lure ducks, geese, and shorebirds into shooting range dates back hundreds of years to ancient Native American cultures, the “golden age” of decoy manufacturing occurred after the Civil War, when expansion of the railroads opened new, urban markets for commercial hunters and new opportunities for “sports’” to indulge their passion for duck hunting. This era closed just after World War I with the implementation of the North American Migratory Bird Treaty that effectively banned the sale of wild ducks and geese and outlawed the hunting of shorebirds. The rafts of decoys used by commercial hunters became redundant artifacts and disappeared into attics, cellars, and wood stoves.

Seizing this opportunity, Joel Barber, an architect from Connecticut, became the first collector to recognize the artistic merit of hand-carved decoys. In his seminal book, Wild Fowl Decoys, Barber aptly referred to these carvings as “floating sculpture”. Soon Barber and a few other energetic collectors inspired by him were scouring the Atlantic coast, buying decoys and other hunting paraphernalia for pennies from their original owners. Barber and his friends William Mackey and George Ross Starr amassed huge decoy collections, which today would be worth several million dollars. At the same time Barber, Mackey, and Starr collected stories from the original decoy makers and their friends, many of whom were bay men or boat builders, who described a life spent on the water that has long since passed into memory. Mackey summarized his collecting experiences in an influential book, American Bird Decoys. Likewise, George Starr wrote a colorful and beautifully illustrated book, Decoys of the Atlantic Flyway. All three of these books remain available today through on-line booksellers such as Amazon.com.

After Joel Barber’s death in 1948, his collection was acquired by the Shelburne Museum. Today these carvings form the core of the Shelburne Museum’s magnificent decoy collection, which resides in the Dorset House. In contrast, the Mackey and Starr collections were sold at auction by the Richard A. Bourne Co. of Hyannis, MA. in 1970-1971 and 1986 respectively These public auctions set a new standard for decoy prices and provided a robust market for buying and selling these works of folk art. Even today decoy auctions continue to be an important source for acquiring and learning about these artifacts (for example, see the Guyette and Schmidt Auction Company website at http://www.guyetteandschmidt.com).

Closer to home, how can the indoor birder indulge his or her hobby when the weather precludes birding outdoors? In season, visiting the Shelburne Museum’s Dorset House is one possibility, of course. The museum owns arguably the finest collection of antique decoys on public display on the planet. Though they are not antique decoys, the Birds of Vermont Museum in Huntington boasts a fine collection of wooden birds hand-carved by the irrepressible Bob Spear. As an additional benefit, the BOVM includes a large picture window looking out on feeders that attract many local birds and other wild life. The BOVM website can be accessed at http://www.birdsofvermont.org.

Farther afield, if you happen to be traveling on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, there is an outstanding collection of carved birds at the Ward Museum in Salisbury, Maryland (http://www.wardmuseum.org). Lem and Steve Ward were brothers from Crisfield, Maryland who became carvers in the 1920’s and whose working and decorative decoys command premier prices in today’s market. Every year the Ward Museum sponsors a bird carving competition dedicated to the memory of Lem and Steve that attracts the world’s finest bird sculptors. If you visit the museum you may want to bring a field guide along. A huge variety of antique and decorative bird carvings are on display in a bucolic setting.

Waterfowl decoys occupy a unique chapter in American folk art history coincident with the country's emerging interest in conservation. Visit a few of the websites identified in this article to stoke your interest, then visit one or more of the museums in your pursuit of the sport of indoor birding.

Photo by Pam MacPherson of a Steven's "humpback style" Goldeneye c.1890.

Famed Hog Island Reopens

The National Audubon Society will reopen its legendary Hog Island for four adult ornithology sessions and one teen bird studies session during the summer of 2010.  Dr. Steve Kress, Audubon’s VP for Bird Conservation will direct the sessions. He will be joined by some of the country’s top ornithologists who will serve as instructors, including - Kenn Kaufman, Pete Dunne, and Scott Weidensaul.   Additionally, said Dr. Kress, there will be two totally new sessions offered in association with Elder Hostel (now Exploritas)   where participants will assist Project Puffin biologists to census gulls, eiders and cormorants at several nearby seabird nesting islands.  Participants in the September session will learn about land and seabirds through bird banding and presentations and assist with a habitat management project for endangered terns and storm-petrels at Eastern Egg Rock.

Known to thousands as the Audubon Camp in Maine, Hog Island was closed during the summer of 2009 to permit planning for the future. This process led to Project Puffin bringing back the popular ornithology programs for adults and teens. The adult programs are for both beginning and avid birders who would like to learn more about Maine birdlife and the biology of birds. The teen session is for 14-17 year olds with a keen interest in birds. This session is co-sponsored by the American Birding Association. Due to its varied habitats, Hog Island and vicinity are an ideal setting for the program, as more than 100 species frequent the area.

Participants live in authentic, turn of the century housing on the 330 acre spruce-covered island.  Here, they will enjoy three home-cooked meals a day in an historic island farmhouse that overlooks Muscongus Bay.  During the five-day sessions, small field groups will go on a variety of trips and boat cruises, and attend workshops and presentations on topics ranging from migration and the identification of warblers to the restoration of Atlantic Puffins and terns on nearby Eastern Egg Rock.
The Hog Island camp first opened in 1936, with Roger Tory Peterson as its first bird instructor.  It is well known in America’s environmental community as a distinguished and beautiful place of learning and enjoyment.  For more information on dates, sessions, costs, instructors, etc. visit www.projectpuffin.org To read testimonials and see photos from previous Hog Island programs, visit  www.naturecompass.org/fohi.

Bird Monitoring at the Catamount Outdoor Family Center

by Carl Runge

The Catamount Outdoor Family Center is a 500 acre preserve on Governor Chittenden Road in Williston owned by Jim and Lucy McCullough.  It is a recreational facility offering mountain biking, running and hiking in the summer and fall, and cross-country skiing and snowshoeing in the winter. It is operated as not for profit organization with a master Plan for future development and use.

This property is rich in bird life. It consists of a number of diverse habitats including northern hardwood, white pine-hardwood, and hemlock forests, early successional forest, marshes, ponds, and open fields and grasslands.  Between 1996 and 2008 we identified 94 species at Catamount and confirmed breeding status on 24 during the Vermont Breeding Bird Atlas years, 2003-2007.  The GMAS has held several field trips at Catamount all of which have been very productive and enjoyable. This prompted us to think that Catamount would be a great addition to Vermont areas designated by Audubon Vermont as IBAs (Important Bird Areas).

To this end, we at the GMAS, with the assistance and enthusiastic cooperation of the McCulloughs, submitted an application for IBA status to Audubon Vermont in September 2008.  Our arguments were as follows: Catamount includes several healthy habitats producing a wide diversity of bird species, both migratory and breeding; Catamount has several areas of grasslands with well established  breeding populations of Bobolinks and Savannah Sparrows; finally, management practices at Catamount optimize breeding success. A major focus of the owner’s not for profit organization is to increase educational opportunities for nature and conservation. We envision Catamount becoming a major nature education center in Chittenden County.

In support of our application to AV, since April, 2009, we have been monitoring birds on the Catamount property each week.  Every Thursday morning we survey one of the four quadrants at Catamount. Thus, we cover the whole area every four weeks. We do cumulative counts, taking care not to double count birds on the return route. Each count takes two to three hours. Regular participants in the monitoring walks so far are Ali Wagner, Bill Mercia, Bruce MacPherson, Larry Haugh, Louanne Nielsen, Bill and Mae Mayville, and myself.

On our thirteen outings this spring and summer, we recorded 79 species, including eight that are new for the area.  We confirmed breeding in 17 species, seven new for the area. Notable new species include Winter Wren, Osprey, and Blue-winged Warbler. New breeding confirmations include Wood Duck, Mallard, American Kestrel, Eastern Phoebe, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, and Baltimore Oriole. Thus, to date we have identified a total of 102 species, including 31 confirmed breeders. All of our data from 2009 have been entered into the VT eBird database.

Audubon Vermont has yet to make a decision on our application for IBA status. On July 20, Bruce MacPherson, Lucy, Jim and I met with Jim Shallow of AV to discuss the progress of our application. Jim indicated that the IBA concept and process is in flux and is probably moving in the direction of larger tracts of land for inclusion as an IBA. Nevertheless, the IBA application remains active, and we agreed upon a common goal for Catamount: that all parties will work together toward conservation, stewardship, and education at Catamount, particularly with regards to birds and bird habitat.  Several steps were articulated and assigned which we hope will achieve this goal.

In the meantime, we will continue our monitoring efforts. So if you would like to enjoy excellent birding on Thursday mornings, come over to the Catamount Family Center and join us. The more eyes and ears we have helping out, the more complete our counts will be.

The photograph of a male Scarlet Tanager is courtesy of Roy Pilcher.

Catamount Outdoor Family Center Birding Checklist

A Tribute to Caryn Gronvold

After many years of service to the Green Mountain Audubon Society, Caryn Gronvold has retired from the Board of Directors.  Since 1977, Caryn has been a member of the Board for all except 5 years.  She served for four years as the President of the Board in the past and has just completed a two year term as our Treasurer.  In between, Caryn has served the Green Mountain Audubon Society in many capacities. Back in the days when volunteers were the “staff” of the Green Mountain Audubon Center, Caryn was an ecology field trip guide.  For two years, she chaired the auction to raise funds to support the Audubon Center, an undertaking which required an enormous commitment of time and energy. 

For many years, Caryn co-chaired the committee which organized and ran the Sugar on Snow parties at the Audubon Center and she continues to volunteer to help staff that event. Caryn is one of the few people who can be called upon to cook syrup up to the proper temperature so it will “wax” properly when drizzled upon the snow!  For many years, Caryn was the chairperson of the Program Committee for the Green Mountain Audubon Society and she will continue to be a committee member after leaving the Board.  Currently, Caryn is a team leader in employee and labor relations for Human Resource Services at UVM.  We look forward to seeing her at many GMAS events in the future and wish her the best of luck in her retirement from the board. She leaves the Board with our heartfelt thanks for a job well done.

Into the Woods-Birding in the Hinesburg Town Forest

by Bruce MacPherson

Tucked away near the eastern border of Hinesburg is an 840 acre tract of public land known as the Hinesburg Town Forest. In July, 2008, Aaron Worthley evaluated this property on behalf of Audubon Vermont and wrote a report entitled “Forest Bird Habitat Assessment and Management Recommendations”. This report represents an excellent example of Audubon Vermont’s major conservation effort known as the Forest Bird Initiative. Working with private landowners and conservation committees in Vermont’s towns, wildlife biologists from Audubon Vermont assess the suitability of the available habitat to support birds and other wildlife, especially so-called responsibility birds, and offer management recommendations for improving or sustaining this habitat for birds. An important aspect of this evaluation is to confirm that the birds predicted to occupy the property are actually present. That’s where GMAS volunteers come in.

At the request of Steve Hagenbuch from Audubon Vermont, Bill Mercia organized a group of volunteers who visited the Hinesburg Town Forest on two occasions during the breeding season in June, performing area counts of the birds that were seen and heard at four selected points in the forest. This is an account of one of those monitoring walks.

We meet in the parking area near Hayden Hill Road West and walk to the first of the two points that Steve has selected for us. The weather is mild, 61 degrees, and cloudy with a threat of rain. Good weather for birding. This parcel of land consists mainly of Northern Hardwood Forest, especially sugar maple, white ash and beech trees. However, a patch of this forest has been recently harvested. We will evaluate points in both the disturbed and the undisturbed areas. Naturally, we will identify all of the birds that we hear or see, although the focus is on responsibility birds. At point 1, the harvested area, Ali Wagner hears and identifies the first bird as usual, an Ovenbird. In quick succession Bill Mercia and Mae Mayville identify a Black-throated Blue Warbler, a Blue-headed Vireo, and a Black-throated Green Warbler-all responsibility birds. We are off to a good start. Bill Mayville spots another Ovenbird flitting around in the brush. Possibly there is a nesting pair. Bill Mercia picks out the song of a Mourning Warbler, an excellent discovery. I identify a Blue Jay.

After 30 minutes of watching and listening we move on to point 2 a few hundred yards down the trail. This area is undisturbed forest. Still we hear birds. First we hear a Yellow-bellied Sapsucker’s beat, trailing, off at the end. Then another Blue Jay jeering at us. Next we hear the flutey song of a Wood Thrush in the distance. Cool. Shirley Johnson finds a Black-and-White Warbler inching out on a branch above us. Shirley always finds Black-and-white Warblers when I can’t.  Chip Wright points out a Downy Woodpecker that is tapping on a dead snag nearby. Nice. Ovenbirds seem to be everywhere. And both Red-eyed and Blue-headed Vireos call from above. Without acute hearing these birds probably would have been missed. After 30 minutes we have heard and seen enough. It is time to move on to points 3 and 4.  But wait. A Broad-winged Hawk is circling overhead. Not a responsibility bird, but a welcome sighting nonetheless. No wonder the woods became so noisy when we walked out.

Steve’s monitoring protocol states that we only need to spend 6 minutes at each point to count the birds adequately, but we enjoy spending time in the forest and allow ourselves to dally. The next points are located on the opposite side of the Hinesburg Town Forest near the entrance at Economou Road. Here the habitat changes again. Point 3 is a softwood plantation composed of white pine, red pine, and Norway spruce. Here we expect to find Pine Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, and Dark-eyed Juncos and we do!  In fact, juncos are chattering everywhere. We hear, an Eastern Wood-Pewee in the distance as well as more vireos. Alison hears a Yellow-rumped Warbler, but I’m not sure. She’s probably right. Carl Runge spots still another Ovenbird as well as a White-breasted Nuthatch. Enough. We move on to point 4.

Point 4 consists of a stand of young Northern Hardwoods. Immediately, we hear the songs of Black-throated Green and Black-throated Blue Warblers. At the very top of a tall sugar maple Bill Mercia identifies a handsome male Baltimore Oriole. Otherwise, the woods are getting quieter as the morning progresses. A Veery, a Wood Thrush, and a few vireos fill out the list. We are done for today. But we will return here in two weeks to repeat this walk. We are coming to the end of the breeding season, so we expect that the woods will be quieter the next time that we do our point counts. In the meantime the data will be entered into the Vermont eBird database and sent to Steve. He will compare our observations with his predictions and will follow the results that we obtain in the managed areas as the early successional forest matures. We look forward to participating in the Forest Bird Initiative next year and for many years to come.

The aerial map of the Hinesburg Town Forest showing habitat sections and count points is provided courtesy of Steve Hagenbuch.

Birder's Dozen

by David Jaffe

 Even if you haven’t spent much time in the kitchen, it is likely you have come across the term "a baker’s dozen" and would know roughly where to look for one of the "dozen".  However, would you know where to look for one of the "birder’s dozen" or even what this term refers to? Recently, Audubon Vermont published a list called The Birder’s Dozen, twelve common breeding birds in Vermont that Audubon is working hard to protect.

These are birds, sometimes referred to as “responsibility birds”, which have “…a high proportion of its global population breeding in the region”, implying that conservation efforts should focus on preserving habitat where these birds have been observed. The twelve responsibility birds that make up the "Birder's Dozen" include American Woodcock, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Eastern Wood-Pewee, Blue-headed Vireo, Veery, Wood Thrush, Chestnut-sided Warbler, Black-throated Blue Warbler, Black-throated Green Warbler, Canada Warbler, White-throated Sparrow, and Scarlet Tanager.

In June, 2008, I worked with the The Nature Conservancy to study which bird species occurred in forests bordering the Little Chazy River in northeastern New York.  Such forests are known as riparian zones or buffer strips and they tend to host a greater diversity of plants and animals than the surrounding landscape. The landscape within the Little Chazy watershed is a mixed-use habitat, typical of the Lake Champlain valley. As one drives through this basin, agricultural fields, small villages, and rivers descending from the nearby Adirondack Mountains are a few of the common sights.

The riparian condition of this habitat such as many trees or no trees, the proximity of agriculture to the river, and whether the forest strip along the river is continuous or highly fragmented, is significant for many reasons, including water quality and bird activity. Traveling downstream from the headwaters of the Little Chazy River, the width of the riparian zone varies from 100+feet to just several feet. Overall, the buffer zone is considerably less in the lower reaches of the river. Thus, I speculated that the species richness, that is the number of different kinds of forest dwelling birds, would decrease significantly as one moved downstream.

Interestingly enough, my data did not support this hypothesis. Each site had a species richness ranging from 6 to 22 per site and there was no evidence for a linear, decreasing trend from upstream to downstream. What was significant was that the number of species observed at sites that were moderately disturbed was greater than the numbers of species observed at either minimally or heavily disturbed sites. At these sites along the river I observed examples of all of the "Birder's Dozen" except American Woodcock and Canada Warbler.

My results agree with the findings of a classic 1978 study by Joseph Connell that described the “intermediate disturbance hypothesis”. Essentially, his idea was that moderately disturbed landscapes have greater species diversity than minimally or heavily disturbed landscapes. Why should this be true? Think about an intact forest with no gaps, clearings, standing dead trees or coarse woody debris on the ground and no difference in the height of the canopy. This is an example of minimally disturbed habitat and species diversity typically is low. Compare this to a forest that has just gone through a large windstorm. Some trees have been knocked down, providing gaps and space for sun-dependent herbs and saplings to sprout. There may be standing dead trees or dead trees on the ground (i.e. coarse woody debris). This moderately disturbed forest provides greater diversity of habitat than is true in minimally disturbed forests and therefore provides habitat for a greater variety of species.

The management implications of my observations are that perhaps in some areas of urban development, there may be benefit to maintaining moderate levels of disturbance. Maintaining open spaces around houses, selective harvesting of trees to diversify the canopy structure and provide gaps, allowing standing dead trees and coarse woody debris to stay on the ground for brush nesting birds and other animals are examples of management practices that might promote species diversity. Even creating a small buffer strip along a river can improve water quality tremendously whereas leaving no buffer strip at all provides habitat for few, if any, birds.

One of the first steps in any land management plan is to recognize what is present compared to what is desired. Becoming familiar with the Birder’s Dozen then finding these birds in the public land in your community is one step toward becoming a proactive land manager supporting community-based efforts that maintain water quality and increase local biodiversity.

David Jaffe is a graduate student in the Field Naturalist program at the University of Vermont. He will receive his M.S. degree in May, 2009. Thanks to Jim Shallow from Audubon Vermont for providing the photograph of the Black-throated Blue Warbler family.